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Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Transformation of Sentences
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का अध्ययन कीजिए –
- Patna is the best town in Bihar.
- Patna is better than any other town in Bihar.
- No other town in Bihar is so good as Patna.
पहले वाक्य का अर्थ है ‘पटना बिहार में सबसे अच्छा शहर है’ और दूसरे वाक्य का तात्पर्य यह है कि ‘पटना बिहार के किसी भी अन्य शहर से अच्छा है।’ वास्तव में दोनों का अर्थ एक ही है। वाक्यों की बनावट में थोड़ा हेर-फेर है।
तीसरे वाक्य का अर्थ ‘बिहार में कोई भी दूसरा शहर इतना अच्छा नहीं है जितना पटना है।’ इस वाक्य से भी वही अर्थ निकलता है जो पहले या दूसरे वाक्य से निकलता है।
तीनों वाक्यों में केवल adjective के प्रयोग में अन्तर है। पहले वाक्य में superlative degree के adjective का प्रयोग है। दूसरे वाक्य में comparative degree के adjective का ; और तीसरे वाक्य में positive degree के adjective का । पर तीनों वाक्यों में एक ही adjective के तीन degrees हैं। तीनों वाक्यों से sense अभिप्राय) एक ही निकलता है।
अतः, हम यह समझें कि तीनों वाक्यों के रूप में अन्तर है लेकिन अर्थ में नहीं। इसी तरह किसी वाक्य के sense को ज्यों-का-त्यों रखते हुए उस वाक्य के रूप या इस वाक्य की बनावट को बदल देने की क्रिया को Transformation कहा जाता है।
Transformation means the change of a sentence from one grammatical form to another without altering the sense.
1. Removal of ‘Too’ from a sentence :
किसी भी वाक्य में यदि ‘Too’ शब्द का प्रयोग हुआ हो, तो सबसे पहले उस वाक्य का स्पष्ट अर्थ समझ लें और उसे हिन्दी में लिखकर उसका अनुवाद अंगरेजी में इस तरह कर लें कि उसमें ‘too’ का प्रयोग नहीं रहे। यही सबसे सहज उपाय है। जैसे –
(i) He is too weak to walk.
इस वाक्य का हिन्दी में यही अर्थ होगा कि “वह इतना कमजोर है कि वह टहल नहीं सकता है।” इस हिन्दी के वाक्य का अंगरेजी में इस प्रकार अनुवाद किया जा सकता है –
(ii) He is so weak that he cannot walk.
पहले वाक्य में ‘too’ शब्द का प्रयोग है, दूसरे वाक्य में नहीं। दोनों वाक्यों में क्या अन्तर है? ध्यानपूर्वक देखिए –
पहले वाक्य में ……….. too + adjective
दूसरे वाक्य में ……… so (adjective के पहले) + that + subject (he) + cannot …..
अतः, यह स्पष्ट है कि ‘too’ के स्थान पर ‘so …. that…… not ये तीनों शब्द यथास्थान अवश्य रहेंगे। इसके अतिरिक्त, ‘that’ के बाद subject दुहराया जायेगा और उसके बाद verb को उचित tense में negative रूप में रखा जाएगा।
Exercises Solved
Remove ‘Too’ in the following sentences :
Note : उत्तर प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने तिरछे अक्षरों (italics) में दिया गया है।
2. Interchange of Assertive and Interrogative Sentences
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का अध्ययन कीजिए –
Interrogative – Can it be true ?
Assertive – It cannot be true.
Interrogative – Who is there who does not love his country ?
Assertive – (i) Every body loves his country,(ii) There is no one who does not love his country.
Interrogative – Is there anything greater than love?
Assertive – There is nothing greater than love.
Interrogative – What does it matter if we lose ?
Assertive – (i) It does not matter if we lose,(ii) It matters little if we lose.
Assertive – Everyone wishes to be happy.
Interrogative – Who does not wish to be happy ?
Assertive – It is useless to waste time.
Interrogative – Why waste time?
Assertive – One swallow does not make a summer.
Intrrogative – Does one swallow make a summer ?
Note – (i) ऊपर जो वाक्य दिए गए है उनसे यह स्पष्ट है कि ये उस तरह से interrogative नहीं बनाए गए हैं जिस तरह से Chapter 6 में affrmative sentence को negative या interrogative बनाया गया है जैसे –
- Affirmative – I read a book.
- Negative – I do not read a book.”
- Interrogative – Do I read a book ?
यहाँ इन दोनों वाक्यों के रूप बदलने से अर्थ में भी अन्तर आ गया है। अतः, यह transformation नहीं हुआ क्यों transformation में अर्थ का अन्तर नहीं आना चाहिए।
(ii) ऊपर दिए गए उदाहरणों से यह भी स्पष्ट है कि कुछ प्रकार के वाक्यों को _interrogative से assertive में नहीं बदला जा सकता है; जैसे –
- What is your name?
- Where do you live ?
- Why do you smile ?
- Did you have your meal ?
इन वाक्यों को हम assertive sentence में नहीं बदल सकते । हम उन्हीं Interrogative sentences को assertive में बदल सकते हैं जो वास्तव में rhetorical questions हैं अर्थात् जिनके उत्तर प्रश्न में ही निहित हैं। या यों कहिए कि जिन प्रश्नों का उत्तर res/ no में दिया जा सकता है, उन्हीं interrogative वाक्यों को assertive वाक्यों में transform किया जा सकता है, अन्य interrogativesentences को साधारणत: नहीं।
(iii) Interrogative sentence को assertive या assertive sentence को inter rogative में बदलने के लिए विशेष नियम नहीं है। लेकिन स्मरण रखना चाहिए कि अगर assertive sentence में no/not का व्यवहार हुआ हो तो Interrogative sentence में nod not का व्यवहार नहीं होगा। और, अगर assertive sentence में no/not नहीं रहे तो errogative sentence में no/not का अवश्य प्रयोग होगा । अर्थात्,
(a) अगर assertive sentence affirmative रहे तो interrogative sentence negative question हो जायेगा।
(b) अगर assertive sentence negative at interrogative sentence affirmative question हो जायेगा।
(c) उसी प्रकार Interrogative से assertive में बदलते समय यह देखना पड़ता है कि question में affirmative verb है या negative, यदि verb affirmative हो तो उसे negative बनाया जाता है और यदि negative हो तो affirnative बनाया जाता है।
3. Interchange of Affirmative and Negative Sentences
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का अध्ययन कीजिए –
Affirmative – I was doubtful whether it was you.
Negative – I was not sure whether it was you.
Affirmative – He must not have missed to seet the Taj Mahal.
Negative – He must have seen the Taj Mahal.
Affirmative – I love him.
Negative – I am not without love for him.
Affirmative – I am wiser than you.
Negative – You are not so wise as I.
Negative – None but the poor deserves help.
Affirmative – The poor alone deserve help.
Negative – He does not take winc.
Affirmative – He abstains from wine.
Affirmative – As soon as the train started, he came to the station.
Negative – No sooner did the train start than he came to the station.
इस Chapter 6 में दिए गए affirmative से negative बनाने के जो नियम और उदाहरण दिए गए हैं और ऊपर जो उदाहरण दिए गए हैं, उन्हें विद्यार्थी अच्छी तरह समझने की कोशिश करें।
उपर्युक्त उदाहरणों से यह मालूम होता है कि affirmative से negative अथवा nagative से affirmative बदलने के लिए कोई खास नियम नहीं है। वाक्य के अर्थ को भलीभाँति समझकर आवश्यकतानुसार कोई उचित word या phase चुनकर बैठा दिया जाता है। केवल इसी बात का ख्याल रखना चाहिए कि वाक्य के अर्थ में अन्तर न पड़े और double ‘negative के व्यवहार को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़ें
कुछ और उदाहरणों को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़ें –
Negative – He is no mean player
Affirmative – He is a good player.
Negative – This is not impossible.
Affirmative – This is possible.
Negative – He was asked not to smoke.
Affirmative – He was prohibited from smoking.
Negative – He did not lose a single match.
Affirmative – He won all the matches.
Negative – He does not go there very often.
Affirmative – He seldom goes there.
Negative – The doctor had never treated his patients unfairly.
Affirmative – The doctor had always treated his patients fairly.
4. Transformation of Sentence into Interrogative
Change the following sentences into Interrogative :
Note : उत्तर प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने तिरछे अक्षरों (italics) में दिया गया है।
5. Transformation of sentence into Affirmative
Change the following sentences into Affiirmative :
Note : उत्तर प्रत्येक वाक्य के सामने तिरछे अक्षरों (italics) में दिया गया है।
6. Interchange of the Degrees of Comparison
वाक्य के अर्थ में बिना कोई परिवर्तन किए ही adjective या adverb के degree बदल दिए जा सकते हैं। निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में degree के ऊपर ध्यान दीजिए –
superlative – ‘Shakuntala’ is the best drama in Sanskrit.
Comparative – (i) ‘Shakuntala’ is better than any other drama in Sanskirt, या (ii) ‘Shakuntala’ is better than all other dramas in Sanskrit.
Positive – No other drama in Sanskrit is so good as ‘Shakuntala’ (or, as good as ‘Shakuntala’).
उपर्युक्त सभी वाक्यों के अर्थ एक ही हैं । वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त adjective के degree में अन्तर है। ‘Best’ की जगह पर ‘better than any other’ या ‘better than all other’ रखने की आवश्यकता है, यदि comparative degree के adjective का प्रयोग करना हो। यह भी ध्यान रखना चाहिए कि ‘any other,के बाद singular noun होगा और ‘all other’ के बाद plural noun होगा। (स्मरण रहे कि better than any या better than all कभी नहीं लिखें; इसके बाद other शब्द का अवश्य प्रयोग करें।)
यदि positive degree के adjective का प्रयोग करना हो, तो no other + noun in singular number + so good as (या as good as) लिखा जाएगा। निम्नलिखित उदाहरणों से ये बातें और भी स्पष्ट होंगी।
Superlative – Delhi is the best town in India.
Comparative – Delhi is better than all other towns in India. या Delhi is better than any other town in India.
Positive – No other town in India is so (या as) good as Delhi.
Superlative – Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the greatest man in India.
Comparative – Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was greater than all other men in India.
या – Pandit Jawaharlal Nchru was greater than any other man in India.
Positive – No other inan in India was so (as) great as Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
कुछ वाक्यों में degree को दूसरे प्रकार से भी बदला जाता है। निम्नलिखित उदाहरणों का अध्ययन कीजिए –
Superlative – Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the greatest men of the world.
Comparative – Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was greater than most other men of the world.
Positive – Very few men of the world were so great as (or, as great as) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
Superlative – Milton was onc of the greatest poets of England.
Comparative – Miltion was greater than most vlher poets of England.
Positive – Very few poets of England were so great as (or, as great as) Milton.
Superlative – Gold is one of the heaviest of metals.
Comparative – Gold is heavier than any other metal.
Positive – Very few metals are as heavy as (or, so heavy as) gold.
Exercise (86) के पहले दिए गए उदाहरणों और उपर्युक्त उदाहरणों में कुछ अन्तर है। उपर्युक्त उदाहरणों में दिया गया है;-‘one of the best, one of the greatest, one of the heaviest, etc.’ इनके पहले बताए गए उदाहरणों में दिया गया है। ‘the best, the greatest, the heaviest of all, इत्यादि । दोनों प्रकार के वाक्यों के अर्थ में भिन्नता है| The greatest’ का अर्थ है ‘सबसे बड़ा’ और ‘one of the greatest’ का अर्थ है ‘सबसे बड़े-बड़े व्यक्तियों में एक’ । अतः, the greatest का अर्थ ही है greater than all other और one of the greatest का अर्थ है ‘greatest than most other’ । अतः, परिवर्तित वाक्यों में भी भिन्नता रहेगी।
One of the best के स्थान पर comparative degree में better than most other.
The best ” ” ” ” ” ” better than all other या better than any other.
उसी प्रकार positive degree में,
One of the best के स्थान पर Very few …… so good as.
The best ” ” No other ……….. so good as.
7. Interchange of Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences
(i) निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का अध्ययन कीजिए –
Exclamatory – O that I were rich !
Assertive – I wish that I were rich: (या) I earnestly desire to be rich.
Exclamatory – Would that I had not wasted my time when I was young!
Assertive – I wish that I had not wasted my time when I was young.
Exclamatory – If only I could gain the first prize!
Assertive – I wish to gain the firsty prize, (या) I earnestly desire o yain the first prize.
उपर्युक्त उदाहरणों को देखने में मालूम होता है कि यदि exclamatory sentence के आरंभ में (a) If I could only, (b) Would that, (c)O that, (d) If I were इत्यादि हों, तो उन्हें assertive में बदलते समय ‘I wish’ अथवा ‘Tearmestly desire’ आदि कर दिया जाता है।
इस तरह के वाक्यों को पढ़ने से मालूम होता है कि कोई हार्दिक इच्छा व्यक्त की जा रही है। If I were a millionaire ! (यदि मैं लखपति होता !) इस वाक्य को पढ़ने से मालूम होता है कि लखपति होने की इच्छा पूरी नहीं हुई है।
(ii) कुछ अन्य उदाहरणों को देखिए –
Exclamatory – Alas that youth should pass away !
Assertive – It is sad to think that youth should pass away.
Exclamatory – Good heavens! Whatadisaster!
Assertive – It is indeed a great disaster.
Exclamatory – A fireman and afraid of sparks !
Assertive – A fireman should not be afraid of sparks.
Exclamatory – What a piece of work is man !
Assertive – Man is a strange piece of work.
उपर्यक्त उदाहरणों को देखने से मालम होता है कि exclamatorv sentence में जिस बात पर विस्मय प्रकट किया जाता है उसी बात को सीधे-सीधे साधारण रूप में रख देने से assertive sentence बन जाता है। यदि कहें कि ‘कितना सुन्दर यह फूल है।’ तो इसको साधारण तरीके से कहा जा सकता है कि ‘यह फूल बहुत सुन्दर है।’ ठीक उसी तरह अँगरेजी में भी वाक्य का भाव समझकर उसे साधारण प्रकार के वाक्य के वाक्य में परिवर्तित किया जा सकता है । उपर्युक्त वाक्यों के लिए कोई विशेष नियम नहीं बन सकता है। अभ्यास द्वारा विद्यार्थी इस प्रकार के वाक्यों को transform कर सकते हैं।
(iii) कुछ और उदाहरणों को देखिए –
matory – What a fine picture it is !
assertive – It is a very fine picture.
Exclamatory – How sweet it smells !
Assertive – He smells very sweet.
Exclamatory – How funny!
Assertive – It is very funny.
इन वाक्यों के अध्ययन से निम्नलिखित बातें मालूम होती हैं –
(a) Exclamatory sentence यदि how, what या such से आरंभ हो, तो उसे assertive में बदलते समय यह देखना चाहिए कि how, what या such के बाद adjective है या noun. यदि noun है तो how, what या such के स्थान पर ‘great’ आदि शब्द रखकर वाक्य में subject, verb और object या complement को उचित स्थान पर रखिए।
(b) How, what या such के बाद यदि adjective हो तो how, what या such के स्थान पर ‘very’ शब्द रखकर वाक्य में subject, verb और object या complement को उचित स्थान पर रखिए।
(c) Assertive Sentence में सबसे पहले subject, उसके बाद verb, उसके बाद परिवर्तित very या great आदि के बाद क्रमश: adjective या Noun रखना चाहिए।
Miscellaneous Exercises Solved
Question 1.
Transform the following sentences as directed :
- This box is too heavy to lift (Remove ‘too’)
- Who Should not punish him ? (Change into passive voice)
- Can a man live for ever? (Change into ‘Assertive’)
- He comes to school on time. (Make it emphatic)
Answer:
- This box is so heavy that one cannot lift it.
- By whom should he not be punished ?
- A man cannot live for ever.
- He does come to school on time.
Question 2.
Transform the following sentences as directed :
- My father has taught me. (Into passive)
- You are too lazy to work. (Remove ‘too’)
- He goes to market in the evening. (Make it emphatic)
- Bombay is the biggest city in India. (Into positive degree)
Answer:
- I have been taught by my father.
- You are so lazy that you cannot work.
- He does go to market in the evening.
- No other city in India is as big as Bombay.
Question 3.
Transform the following sentences as directed :
- The tea is too hot for me to take. (Remove ‘too’)
- He knows me. (Change into passive voice)
- It this the way to speak to your elders ? (Change into assertive)
- I helped him. (Make it emphatic)
Answer:
- The tea is so hot for me that I can’t take.
- I am known to him.
- This is not the way to speak to your elders.
- I did help him.
Question 4.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning : [(Model Paper 2009 (A)]
- Very few people are as honest as Hari. (To comparative)
- He is too tired to work (Remove ‘too’)
- He is very intelligent. (To Interoogative)
Answer:
- Hari is more honest than most other people.
- He is so tired that he cannot work.
- Is he not very intelligent ?
Question 5.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]
- Can you not pluck this mango. (Into Assertive)
- He is as tall as Ram. (Into comparative)
- He is too miser to help anyone. (Remove ‘too’)
Answer:
- You can pluck this mango.
- Ram is not taller than him.
- He is so miser that he cannot help anyone.
Question 6.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning: [Model Paper 2009 (A)]
- It is too hot to drink. (Remove ‘too’)
- Work hard and you will succeed. (Rewrite using if)
- There is no smoke with out fire. (Negative to Affirmative).
Answer:
- It is so hot that it cannot be drunk.
- If you work hard you will succeed.
- Where there’s smoke. There’s fire.
Question 7.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]
- Mumbai is the biggest city in India. (Comparative)
- The gate is something closed. (Negative)
- Every loves his country. (Interrogative)
Answer:
- Mumbai is bigger than all other cities in India.
- The gate is not always open.
- Who doesn’t love his country.
Question 8.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning : [Model Paper 2009 (A)]
- The sun is too hot to go out. (Remove ‘too’).
- He is better than any other boy in the class. (Into positive)
- He is very good. (Into interrogative)
Answer:
- The sun is so hot that one can not go out.
- No other boy in class is so good as he.
- Is he not very good ?
Question 9.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning: [Board Examination 2009 Arts)
- No other boy in the class is better than Ram. (Into positive)
- They are rich. (Into interrogative)
- I am too tired to work. (Remove ‘too’)
Answer:
- No other boy is so good as Ram.
- Are not they rich.
- I am so tired that I cannot work.
Question 10.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning : (Board Examination 2009 Sc & Com)
- He is too poor to buy this book. (Remove ‘too’)
- Hari is taller than all other boys. (into positive degree)
- Can you climb up this tree? (into Assertive)
Answer:
- He is so poor that he can not buy this book.
- No other boy is so tall as Hari is.
- You can not climb up this tree.
Question 11.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning: [Model Paper 2010 (A)]
- Very few people are as honest as Rashid. (Into comparative)
- The sun is too hot to go out. (Remove too)
- Can you repair the bridge ? (into Assertive)
Answer:
- Rashid is more honest than most other people.
- The sun is so hot that nobody can go out.
- You can not repair the bridge.
Question 12.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning : [Model Paper 2010 (A)]
- I want to know the reason of your coming late in the class. (Interrogative sentence)
- India is the poorest country. (to passive sentence)
- The sun is too hot.forus to go out (Remove ‘too’)
Answer:
- May I know the reason of your coming late in the class ?
- No any country is so poor (or as poor as) as India.
- The sun is so hot for us that we cannot go out.
Question 13.
Transform the following sentences as directed : [Model Paper 2010 (A)]
- He is too late to catch the train. (Remove “too”)
- Sita is not as pretty as Gita ! (To positive degree)
- Kolkata is the busiest city in India. (To positive degree)
Answer:
- He is solate that he cannot catch the train.
- Sita is prettier than Sita.
- No other city in India is as busy as Kolkata.
Question 14.
Transform the following sentences as directed : [Model Paper 2010 (A)]
- Can a leopard change his sports? (Into Assertive)
- Calcutta is the busiest city in India. (Into comparative)
- He is too weak to walk. (Remove “too”)
Answer:
- A leopard cannot change his sports.
- Calcutta is busier than any other city in India. Or, Calcuta is busier than all other cities in India.
- He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Question 15.
Transform the following sentences without changing the meaning: (Model Paper 2010 (A)]
- It is too hot to go out. (Remove “too”)
- He is a great miser. (To comparative)
- Kolkata is the biggest city in India. (To comparative)
Answer:
- It is a so hot than I cannot go out.
- Is he not a great miser ?
- Kolkata is bigger than all other cities in India. Or, Kolkata is bigger than any other city in India.
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